Process of separation and apparatus therefor



Sept. 21 1926;

' C. G. HAWLEY PROCESS OF SEPARATION AND APPARATUS THEREFOR '7Sheets-Sheet 1 Filed June 28, 1926 Sept. 21 ,1926.

7 C. G. HAWLEY PROCESS OF SEPARATION AND APPARATUS THEREFOR Filed June28. 1926 '7 Sheets-Sheet' 2 Sept. 21 1926.

C. G. HAWLEY PROCESS OF SEPARATION AND APPARATUS THEREFOR '1 Sheets-Sheet 5 Filed June 28., 1926 Sept. 21 1926.

c. G. HAWLEY PROCESS OF SEPARATION AND APPARATUS THEREFOR Filed June 28,1926 TSheets-Shef 4 gwuentoz it k4 61mm;

Sept. 21 1926. 1,600,762 C. G. HAWLEY PROCESS OF SEPARATION ANDAPPARATUS THEREFOR Filed June 28, 1926 '7 Sheets-Sheet 5 Sept. 21 1926.

C. G. HAWLEY v PROCESS OF SEPARATION AND APPARATUS THEREFOR Filed June28, 1926 '7 Sheets-Sheet 6' zjwuwntoz (Za a/es Sept. 21 1926.

' c. G. HAWLEY PROCESS OF SEPARATION AND APPARATUS THEREFOR Filed June28, 1926 7 She ets-Sheet Patented Sept. 21, 1926.

I UNITED STATES CHARLES GILBERT HAWLEY, O]? CHICAGO," ILLINOIS.

- PROCESS OF SEPARATION ANDAPPARATUSTHEREFOB.

This invention relates to improvements in the art of separating varioussubstances from flowing fluids. Such flowing fluids are known ascarriers and the term carrier is to be understood as meaning any fluidthat is directed or kept in motion between given points whether liquid,gaseous or vaporous and whether hot or cold, or a mixture of suchfluids; and, the terms foreign substances and entrained substances asused herein are to be understood as meaning any and all carrier conveyedsubstances, whether solid or fluid, or both, and whether of less orgreater weight than the carrier.

The invention comprises an improved method and apparatus for bestutilizing the forces of kinetic energy, centrifugal motion and gravityto separate or remove entrained substances from carrier fluids. As willpresently appear, the invention is generic or fundamental in character,bein capable of innumerable uses and of many iiferent embodiments. It isnot limited to a special use or class of uses; and, certain of the stepsand parts of the highly perfected invention may be omitted in operationsof the easier sorts.

The invention as a whole and its several steps, parts and elements willbe described by reference to the accompanying drawings.

herein many forms of'the novel centrifugal fixture are shown as a sureguide to the effective use of the invention.

In the drawings :-Figure 1 is a vertical transverse section-of aseparator or collector both illustrating and embodying the invention;Fig. 2 is a vertical section on the line 2-2 of Fig. 1; Fig. 3 is anelevation of the separator as it appears when made up of a plurality ofthe thin units or sections indicated in Fig. 2; Fig. 4 illustrates adesirable modification in the shape of the casing of the separator; Fig.5' is like unto Fig. 1 but illustrates a modified form of the outlet;Fig. 6 is a vertical section of the separator adapted for the separationor collection of substances that are of less weight than the carrierfluid; Fig. 7 is a vertical section on the line 7-7 of Fig. 6; Fig. 8 isa vertical section of still another form of the appara tus; Fig. 9 is ahorizontal section on the line 9-9 of Fig. 8; Fig. 10 is a horizontalsec- Appfication aiea June 2a, 1926. Serial mi. 118,891.

tion on the line 10-10 of 8; Fig. 11 is A TENT omen.

a vertical section of a separator or collector adapted. for extensiveuses involving high pressure carriers; Fig. 12 is an elevation thereof,partly in section on the line 12-12 of Fig. 11; Fig. 13 is a horizontalsection on the line 13-13 of Figs. 11 and 12; Figs. 14 and 15 illustratestill other forms of the apparatus; Fig. 16 illustrates anotherlowpressure form of the separator and is a sectional view on the .lineFig. 17 is a section on the line 17-17 of Fig. 16; Fig. 18 is a sectionon the line 18-18 of Fig. 16; Fig. 19 is a horizontal section of alaminating or cellularizing structure of another form which may besubstituted for that shown in the lower part of Fig. 16; Fig. 20 is avertical section of a separator especially adapted for employment with adowngoing carrier stream; Fig. 21 is a vertical section on the line21-21 of Fig. 20; Fig. 22

illustrates the invention in; the form of a purifier adapted for use insteam boilers and the like and is hereemployed particularly to showthat. the bottom of the se aratin chamber need not be a rigid wall hutmay e. formed or closed by any liquid or mobile substance that isheavier than the carrier fluid; Fig. 23-is'a longitudinal elevationtaken from Fig. 22; and, Fig. '24

16-16 of Fig. 17; a

illustrates the separator or purifier in a twin or duplex form; and,.maybe em loyed as a criterion in converting .certain o the pro-- cedingdesigns into duplex forms.

I The invention is of a ve simple-nature although the number. of rawingswould seem to imply a complicated structure. The

simplicity of the mvention and the scope and dependability of itsoperation adapt it for extensive uses in these and many other obviousforms and the invention is not limited or confined to any one of thedesigns herein appearing; its greater'scope will presently become fullyapparent and is set ,forth in the appended claims.

As shown in the drawings the-separator or collector in every case comrises a sta-- tionary shell or casing, A, whic though not required to beactually cylindrical -or even scroll-like in any part, is formed about alongitudinal axis (preferably a substantially axis) and has the effectof a cylinhorizontal tax The casing is provided with one or seveisalextensions, A, forming pockets, B, for the reception of the separatedsubstances; and above or below the axis, according to the relativeweights of the substances and the carrier. The normally closed drains oropenings for the discharge of the accumulations from the several pocketsand spaces are marked E andE (see Fig. 16), being for the heavier andlighter substances respectively.

The burdened carrier, directed by a tube or nozzle, C, in every caseenters thg shell phere, though or casing, A, tangentially through aninlet opening, G, in the periphery of the casing; and, preferably, in astream of equal or greater width than depth; and, preferably, the Widthof the stream substantially equals the length of the casing, measuredfrom end to end thereof.

In every case the carrier leaves the casing through an outlet opening,D, also radially positioned; that is, in the periphery of the casing.Preferably each outlet, D, is provided with a tubular extension D. Theextensions D are formed to serve as a pipe connection, for theseseparators are. perhaps most frequently used under suction. conditions.Vi hen used under pressure conditions the outlet may discharge to theatmos quite as often they are connected to delivery pipes.

The direction arrows in the drawings clearly depict the entrance andexit of the fluid. The inlet and the outlet openings are both in theperipheral Wall of the casing and also occupy the same transverseplanes, and further, are close enough together to form practically asingle opening for both the entrance and the exit of the carrier; thatis, they are so close together that the kinetic energy of the flowingstream is always suf- 'ficient to project the stream and containedsubstances bodily across or away from the outlet, D, and against thenearest opposed wall or inner surfaces a of the casing.

Due to its tangential entrance and the initial -velocity of its movementand to the confiningand directing walls of the casing, the carrierstream takes on the described, arrow-depicted whirling motion within thechamber, B, and thus a vortex is established and maintained within thecasing and ex tendii'ig from end to end thereof axially. The axia centerof the vortex (not al- Ways the center of the casing) defines theabovementioned longitudinal axis. It is in this sense that the terms axiof the casing and axis of the whirl are used herein; for, as will becomeapparent, the whirl may take place merely in one corner or other part ofa larger casing. It is important that the axis of the vortex shall beradially distant from both the inlet and outlet, and aside from thefactors that determine the size and cost of the apparatus, lessimportance attaches to the position of the axis with relation to theother peripheral parts of the casing.

The carrier stream entering the casing obviously has weight and like anymass that is set in motion tends to continue in motion until its kineticenergy is expended in useful Work or is dissipated, as in the presentinstance. Being constantly self-displaced from the restraining peripheryof the casing, the carrier stream forms an involute curve or spiralwithin itself. -Obviously the radius of action diminishes and thecentrifugal force increases as the axis is approached and thus theinitial energy of the entering stream is progressively absorbed; and,the remote parts of the chambers B and B are left in a virtuallyundisturbed static pressure condition. In consequence both thecentrifugal au'd the gravity of separations of the foreign substancesproceed quietly and the substances are quickly brought to rest inrespective accumulation spaces of the casing. In brief the burdenedstream energetically entering the conlinin casing is there so irectedand manipulated as to deprive the carrier of its velocity pressure andestablish, desirably, a mere static pressure condition in the casing, inadvance of the movement of the fluid toward the relatively restrictedoutlet, D.

Meantime and beginning with the impact I of the entering stream againstthe first opposed peripheral wall or surfaces, (L2, of the casing, thecentrifugal separation of the foreign substances is established by andwithin the described vortex or whirling carrier" mass with the resultthat such substances are centrifugally ejected or discharged into theaccumulation spaces or pockets B.

The foreign substances that may chance to be retained in the peripheryof the whirl or vortex are thereby again presented to the incomingstream and, by the force thereof, are thrown back or re-entrainedtherein, and thus prevented from reaching the outlet. Obviously, thestray or unseparated substances are presented to theinner side of theincoming stream at a point close to the inlet C where the energy of thestream is the greatestand thus the sure deflection thereof is ensured.

Conveniently, this return of stray substances to the entering stream isusually assisted by a deflecting surface or baffle, F, positioned in theplane or planular curve of the inner side of the entering carrierstream. This baflie or direction plate, F, as shown in the drawings mayform one Wall of the entrance nozzle 0'. It will be founal to be ofespecial value in separators which are employed for removing solids andthe heavier particles from lighter carriers.

Though desirable in all cases, the re-en trainment baffle, F, may beomitted and the entering stream alone depended upon to perform thatfunction but usually only at the expense of a measurable loss ofefficiency. The omission of the baffle, F, is illustrated in 14: and adesirable curtailment thereof in Fig. 15. The bafiie, F, may be safelyomitted from the structure of Fig. 14 and likewise from the structure ofFig. 20 because in those cases the carrier stream flows directlydownwardly in the casing and the direct thrust of the stream parallelingthe action of gravity may be depended upon to throw bac'k any straysubstances that may be whirled into the top of the casing. The curtailedbaffles, F, of Figs. 15 and 16 will be found entirely adequate in thosecases and further in many cases are employed for the purpose ofrelatively enlarging or widening the opening or space through which theout oing carrier fluid may approach the outlet Generally, and as clearlyindicated inall the drawings, this novelseparator is so constructed asto inhibit the escaping carrier fluid from attaining a defined velocityor direction of movement in advance ofits actual arrival at the outlet.Lest this statement be construed too literally, it is explained that thevelocity with which the unburdened carrier approaches the outlet shouldalways be very much less than the velocity at which the carrier entersthe casing through the inlet C. This relation is brought about verysimply by providing the outlet with a Wide entrance from the casing.Startin from a substantially static condition, as before explained, thepurified or unburdened fiuid moves toward the outlet from substantiallyall parts of the chamber B and so slowly as not to disrupt or interferewith the described separating actions and the outgoing fluid issubjected to a greater or more widely distributed volume of burdened carrier. These are the meanings of the foregoing statement concerning thelimitations upon the'velocity of the outgoing carrier In each of theseparators here illustrated the carrier outlet D is so positioned withrespect to the inlet C and impact surfaces a' that the purified orunburdened carrier to reach the outlet'must actually penetrate or passagainst the burdened incoming stream. That thisaction may take placewithout interfering with the described whirling and separating actionsand without directly extracting a considerable quantity of foreignsubstances from the relatively energetic incomin stream is explainedfirst by the presence o the relatively large separating chamber B andsecond by the correspondingly large capacity of the internal approach tothe outlet. As before explained, in initial energy of the stream notonly throws or drives the entrained substances across or away from theoutlet but is also suificient to throw back or re-entrain substancesseeking to escape from the offset whirl or vortex? and it follows thatthe cross escaping fluid from the interior of the casing must be quitefree from impurities b outlet. And to this is added the displacing orimpact energy of the substa ces suspended in the .rapidly entering stam. These strike the stray substances moving toward the outletand divertthem therefrom, and thus ensure their ire-entrainment in the burdenedstream. By so compelling the escaping fluid to pass through the burdenedincoming stream a very effective filtration is accomplished and thehighest order of caradvantage of a given importance tering both 1contain very minute particles of one or several foreign substances, andwhether those substances be solids, liquids or gases.

For the reliable accomplishment of the described filtration immediatelyadjacent the outlet, it is desirable that the ent outlet, D, shall becompletely comprehended or covered by the burdened incoming stream, andwhile the outlet D may be of the same or of greater stream dept-h thanthe inlet, it should not be wider than the inlet, and indeed asindicated by the shoulders marked, I, in Figs. 6, 7, and 1 1 to 24, theoutlet should be actually of less width than the stream issuing from theinlet, C. Otherwise, a loss of efficiency may be occasioned by theunfiltered escape of outgoing fluid at the sides of the stream; that isat the un protected ends of the outlet. Clearly therefore it is thebetter practice to make the outlet D of less width (longitudinal length)than the inlet, C.

Extremely light substances may be retained in the vortex and rotate manytimes about the axis until drawn into the center of the vortex; only tobe thence discharged by the greatly augmented centrifugal forceoccasioned by rotation upon the shortest possible radii. In othercentrifugal separators the axis of the vortex is found in line with theoutlet and the vortex tends to defeat much of the expected action of theseparator. By way of contrast the present invention is characterized byan axis of vortexial rotation that is radially removed or offsetfrom'the outlet, and the vortexial action instead of being detrimentalis made to work beneficially.

the time it reaches the rier purification is attained. This step of theprocess will be found to be of marked too ' By preference the diameterof the casing, or to be more exact, the effective diameter of thatportion thereof in which the whirllarger dimensions without detriment tothe deposition of the foreign substances once they are freed from thecarrier stream.

In harmony with the foregoing; another purpose exists for restrictingthe volumetric capacity of the separating or vortex cham-' her; to wit:The smaller the capacity of that chamber, the more rapidly andharmoniously the described separations take place. The reason lies inthe discovery that carrier fluids quickly precipitate or relinquish evenvery minute entrained solids when suddenly super-saturated oroverburdened therewith, quite as moisture is precipitated from air whenthe air is suddenly cooled; and, this step of enforcing a state ofover-saturation, with and Without the ordinary hmltations oftemperature, now becomes available for use 111 enforcing and ensuringthe separation of practically all kinds of substances from carrierfluids of all kinds, not beinglimited to the separation of solids.Obviously, this separator casing receives the impurities entering withthe incoming stream and retains them and so is constantly occupied by asuper-satin rated or over-burdened carrier mass, which as just explainedrapidly .releases such substances and permits them to accumulate at themost distant points in the casing.

This step of over-burdening, or exceeding 'of the capacity of thecarrier to retain the various substances by surface tension orotherwise, is a distinct feature of the invention; adding a fourthfactor or force of separation to the operations of gravity,

centrifugal force and final filtration, al-

ready mentioned.

It is conceivable that under Very low velocities, or when thuscross-entering-anddeparting from a casing of unnecessarily large size,the stream may do little more than turn once within or upon itself inthe casing. In such cases the effects of centrifugal impact andseparation are less to be relied upon but the described gravityseparations and the described filtration step will be reliablycompleted. At all times the outlet is defended by the more energeticentering stream and substances seeking escape with the carrier arere-entrained thereby and again subjected to the separating actions. Butalthough the invention is not limited to the proportions of stream depthand casing diameter which ensure the most rapid and best separatingaction in the immediate presence of the outlet, it should now. beobvious that those proportions are .the outlet is to shorten the radiusof the fwhirl or vortex within the casing and thus increases thecentrifugal efficiency of the device.

. As pointed out and specifically claimed in'my companion application S.N. 119,165 28, 1926, this invention may be filed June practiced in morelimited ways; for example without the use of the described finalfiltration step. That particular modification is accomplished byreversing the direction of flow in the two nozzles or direction tubes Cand D in structures like that shown in 'Fig. 5.. Thereby the outgoingcarrier fluid is permitted to escape from the casing at or against theinner side or face of the incoming or active stream but without actuallypassing through the in-- coming stream. The benefits of the rapidwhirling motion and of re-entrainment are retained and the separatoradmirably performs its functions in still other respects. In casesinvolving vapors that may or should be either liquefied or withheld fromcondensation, the operation may be favorably affccted respectively bycooling or heating the separator. The jacketing, or the spraying of theseparator Walls internally or externally, to that end, present nomechanical difficulties; and, may be carried out by means so Well knownand under stood that it has been deemed unnecessary to complicate thedrawings by attempting to illustrate them. Nevertheless. thesetemperature-affecting steps are definite features of this invention andmay well be relied upon as aids in the most difficult separatingoperations hereunder.

It is well to note that the utility of this invention is not limited tothe separation of substances differing widely in specific gravities orto such as are suspended in the carrier in the form of fine particles orsmall globules. Even gases, oils and bulk materials conveyed by thecarrier in the orm of Apparently the explanation lies I situatedaccumulation bases or pockets. In

addition to the removal of the differing collected substances from thebottom, top

and corners of the separator casing, a further se aration may be made bydrawing off the su stances that momentarily collect at the center of thedescribed vortex. To this end normally closed central or axial openingsor exhaust pi. es maybe provided in one or both ends. 0 the separatorcasing as shown at E in .Figs. 11 and 12. .The location or collectionpoints of the various foreign substances .at the bottom or at the top ofthe casing is obviously determined by the differing natures of thesubstances in relation to the carrier; and,=in some cases by thepromptness with which the separated substances are removed from the mostadvantageous point of accumulation or assembly within the casing. 7

Clearly, this invention is adapted for emplo ment with hot and underboth suction and pressure conditions and at either high or low pressuresand under either high or low velocities; and with either heavier orlighter or fluctuating bur-' dens of foreign substances. Also thataccording to the nature or characteristics of the substances caught, thevessel or casing may be upright or upside down or on its side or end.Also the pocketing, that is the reception and disposal ofthe separatedsubstances may be accomplished in any manner best suited to the case inhand, without altering the essential operations within the casing. Asindicated, the casings may be of various shapes and axial positions, asbest suited to particular conditions and uses and the unified inlet andoutlet openings, and the discharge openings for the foreign substances,may be arranged in the top, bottom, sides, or ends of the casingdepending upon the nature-of the separating acts to be performed. 1

A fluid body set in rotation 'Wli)hl1'l a casing as here described tendsto rotate upon an axis that is spaced between the most nearly adjacentopposed peripheral walls or directing surfaces. and although in thespace immediately. adjacent the inlet-outlet is thus occupied by avigorously whirling mass and is in direct, wide open communication withthe accumulation spaces,-the latter are, substantially quiescent, little=aifected by quietly move toward and disturbed in such spaces, otherwiseemptied therefrom.

constructedinodifii- .70

cold carrier fluids such rotation, and the separated substances remainquite ununti-l drained -.or Even though the separator is crudel culty isexperienced with foreignisubstances that are either. very heavy or verylight with res ectto the carrier: acted .upon. But in ealing with-more.diflicultlyjsepas rable fluids and substances,-possible escapee"through the'outlet must .be very definitely prevented; and, this isaccomplished by closely 'localizing'the described vortex at, and inparallel. with, the ifet-outlet open;

ings as above described. Furtherito insure this close localizationoff-thezvortex it is best to closely control the size andpositionthereof within the casing, which-'rlast is :ac-

complished by restricting-the efi'ectivezidi-I ameter of that partoflthe'casingpas- .above 'f explained; and, in =some :.fcases@by'uspecial-i formations of the peripheral walls: andwhere necessary bythe use-of intermediate parts in the opening between the spaces B. andB. The purpose of all such: is eto-defi-i fifi nitely prevent any.detrimental distortion: or dissipation of the vortex that would-cause.

or permit the dislodgement of the deposited substances in theaccumulation spaces. 1 shown in Figs. 8,14, 22 .and 24, the componentwalls of thevortex portion-:ofthe." casing will alone fully serve thispurpose and no added parts arerequired. JAgain; when the separator isused under suction there is little danger of disturbance intheaccumulation spaces evenWhen tha-carrier moves at very highvelocities. ButaSEan. given separatorisxlikelyato be used' wiit highvelocity and heavyrcarrier-fluids, which;

if uncontrolled would-be likely to penetrate and disturb the contentsof'theaccumulation; spaces, it is recommendedthat in :all separatordesigns, as'here shown, care to :be; taken to control and limit thevigorous ac tion of the vortex to asubstantially cylin.:-..-=;l10.=

pearing in Figsrll and 12 .isa modification 120.-

thereof, intended to .perform the sainefunc tion. However, a furtherfunction attaches to the construction comprising theparall'el blades orvanes G The latter are spacedapart and not so close as .to forms.grating v which would clog with separatedsubstanceav and not onlyprovide vortex controlling surfaces at the margin of the space B, [butalso divide the communication space or; opening between the space orspaces, B and openings divisions ensuring the quietness ings.

B into a number of narrow laminations' or cells in which the strayrotating or eddy currents from 'the periphe of the vortex are taken upand dissipate il thus, further of the settling or accumulation spaces B.The 0 eration of the plate-like longitudinal mem er G, appearing inFigs. 11 and. 12, is like that of an other wall of the chamber B. Thedotte lines forming the rectangles in the space B of Fig. 11 areintendedto represent the normal angles of incidents upon which the currents andparticles impinge and leave the several surfacesa'nd well illustrate themanner in which thecarrier stream is forced to take on the involutewhirl above described.

The time or duration of the occupancy of the vortex chamber by any givenportion of carrier fluid is so short as to be necessarily only amentally comprehended period. However, the effects of the whirl and thewhirling currents as made visible by the .conve. ed substances may beclearly observe if the end of the casingis made trans parent. It will beI found that they take place as above described.

As before stated, given a predetermined stream'depth at the-inlet of theseparator it is desirable torelatively minimize the vortex chamber and,reversely, it will be found advantageous to relatively limit theentering stream de th and the corresponding dimension of. t e outlet sothat the vortex chamber may be so restricted in diameter; to the endthat the given separator shall be equal to'good operation with a varietgof carriersand under conditions varying rom partial vacuums to highpressures.

In contrast, there is no real limitation upon-the longitudinal dimensionof the separator. In other words it may be made as long as necessary toafford the requisite capacity or area in the inlet and outlet open-These facts are well contrasted in Figs. 2 and 3; also a contrast in theshapes of the. inlet openings. The inlet opening, C, of Fig. 2 is roundand the longitudinal dimension of the casing is best determined by thewidth of that opening; the parts a in Fig. 2, represent the en casing.The inlet openings, C, of Fig. 3, are rectangular. That is, the o eningas a whole is rectangular and, in ad ition, is divided into a number ofsmaller rectangular 2% a plurality of vertical walls'or The internalwalls, H, occupy the body of the casing and in each case serve to dividethe vortex space, E, into many transverse parallel compartments. Suchlamination or sub-division of the vortex space by the plates or wallsH,(see Figs. 3, 6, 7, 16 to 18 and 20 to 23) serves to confine each partof the entering stream to rotation bewalls of the of re-entrainment incondition is presented by the angularlytween those transverse planeswhich are comprehended by that part of the inlet opening, C, throughwhich it enters. In other words, the walls or laminat-ions, H, serve tominimize any detrimental effects from inequalities in the entering orburdened carrier stream and to suppress the longitudinal dispersion ofstances that might be permitted to impact the walls at angles that wouldcause their deflection into or toward the outlet.

Further, the laminations or plates, H, af-- ford such large frictionalsurfaces as to measurably resist the incoming stream, thus aiding in theabsorption of its energy and hastening the quiet separation of theforeign substances.

Fig. 19 is referred to at this point lest the plate, G and G, thereshown, be confused with the laminating plates H. While the plates H,might safely be connected in line with the axis of rotation in thespace, B, they can not be connected by cross plates after the mannershown in Fig. '19. This should be obvious for it is clear that thespaces. between the plates, H, must be free and permit the uninterruptedrotation of the carrier fluid. Fig. 19 refers to the struc ture by whichthe radial expansion of the vortex is limited, being made upof plates orveins, G, and Fig. 19 merely shows that the cells formed by such platesmay advantageofisly be subdivided by the use of transverse bracing partsor blades, G. Such subbraking action upon the carrier currrent's at thatpoint and is particularly desirable inseparators of the larger sizes,inwhich the udpported or iate points.

long blades, G, should be s braced at one or several interme Each of theseparators herein shown has further special advantages which it isbelieved will be apparent to those skilled in the art and therefore seemnot to require detaileddescription herein, such advantages beinginherent. However, the following matters seem to warrant specialmention.

For some uses structures like that shown in Fig. 4 have an advantageover those of Figs. 1 and 5, inthat the wall a (Fig. 4) presents anabutment against which the foreign substances are thrown by the streamand stopped, leaving them to fall into the accumulation'space withoutdanger the vortex. "A like ribbed'or stepped walla", in the structure ofFig. 15, though that wall is curved. Similarly, the advantage of theabutment is preserved in the structure of Fig. 16. y

I The structure of Figs. 6 and 7 is primarily intended for theseparation of gases,

oils, and the like, from heavier carrier .liquids. The space B at thetop receives the gases, which are discharged through the particles orsub- I ,normally closed pipe 2*. The oils and other floating substancesare drained off through the normally closed pipe 3 The separator ofFigs' 6 and 7 is preferably formed of cast metal parts and will beclearly understood from those drawings.

The separator of Figs. 8 to 10, well illustrates the before-mentionedfact that the accumulation spaces may be of such greater size than thevortex space of the separator. It also shows that the inventioncomprehends the direct upward delivery of the burdened stream, coupledwith the lateral off-take of the purified fluid. The drawings veryclearly represent a typical structure.

The structure of Figs. 11, 12 and 13, illustrates the substantiallycylindrical construction of the separating head. It is substantiallyrectangular in horizontal cross section and yet fits upon a cylindricalcollection pocket A. The structure admirably serves a varietyof uses andis extremely compact,

very simple and strong.

The separators of Figs. 14 and 15 may be used in citing the fact that,by preference, the outer wall or margin of the intake opening C, isoffset inwardly from the outlet; That is, toward the axis of the vortexand with respect" to the outlet opening D. This is a feature generallyobserved herein as a precaution against the too sudden expansion of theincoming stream and the impingement of the outer or upper strata thereofagainst the opposed wall of the outlet opening.

It will be understood that the separating heads of Figs. 14 and 15, likethat of Fig. 12, are substantially rectangular in horizontal crosssection. Obviously, the ends of the separating chambers B, might bebulged outwardly, but the effect would be nega-,

tive, and so far as the strength of those parts is concerned that maybetter be cared for by ribbing them as shown in'Figs. 12 and 13.

The separators of Figs. 16 to 21 are particularly adapted for use in thecollection of dusts and seem to be sufficiently described except in thematter of reference to the special accumulation spaces marked B? in Fig.16 and B in Fig. 20. These spaces receive substances that are actuallyfio'atable and, therefore, not capable of settlement in the lowercollection spaces. Similar,'but more strongly built, structures are usedin the filtration of liquids, in which cases theseentrapped accumulationspaces are of particular value for the drawing off of floatablesubstances.

The. separator of'Figs. 22 and 23, shown as employed in an evaporatingvessel 2, is of peculiar simplicity and of high efficiency. Although asindicated in, Fig. 24 the separator of Fig. 22 may be provided with afixed bottom and properly drained collecat the outletnozzle 2' thereption bowl, it is preferably formed as an open tube which descends intothe boiling liquid 3, contained in the vessel 2. The

liquid is thus made to form the bottom of venience the lower part of thecasing, that forming the tubular extension, is made separable from theupper part, which is rigidly attached to the shell pf the vessel "2,Various other constructins may be employed in carrying out thisinventionand desiring to claim them separately or specifically I have.made them the subjects of divisional ap lications; as follows z.'

Co-pen ing application S. N. 119,413filed June 29, 1926, discloses aseparator wherein the inlet and outlet openings for the car-v rier arepositioned almost at the top of a larger separating chamber whichsurrounds the openings, the latter being formed by the upper ends ofriser pipes or duct-s, onewithin the other. Said application alsodiscloses certain modifications 1 closely resembling the structure shownin 'Fig. 8 hereof. Clo-pending application S. N. 119,414 filed June 29,1926, discloses a modification hereof in which the outlet or exitopening is further removed from the actual inlet ppen to the separatorand yet is so disposed 111" as to be defended by the rapid dow wardwhirl of the burdened stream be-' fore it.

Co-pending application S. N. 119,4= 15 filed June 29, '1926, discloses astructure in which the carrier fluid enters downward into a collectingchamber and centrally within a larger outlet leading upward from saidchamber coupled with means that cause the herein described reverseinvolution of theincoming stream with much the same effect.

lishing the flow of the carrier and at one point a vortex thereof uponan axis transverse to the direction of the flow, ma1nta1nlng said vortexby feeding the burdened carrier tangentially thereto, and, separately'discharging both the unburdened carrier and the separated substancesoutward from the verse to the direction of t 1e flow, maintain- ;ingsaidVOrteX by feeding the i burdenedv car: rier tangentially thereto,discharging the teparatedsubs'tances outward from the pe- -'ripheryiofsaid vortex and in'the transverse burdened carrier radially 1 outward.ethrough ;pl' aneiincludingthetangentialzfeed, and separat'elyqreleasin the" unburdened carrierira- 'dially fromesai vortex,substantially as described,-

The herein described process *of unbur- 1 denlng carrier ifiuids, thatconsists in estab :lishing the Ifiow :ot the carrier and at one :pointavortex .thereof uponoan axis transverse itO the I directi on: of theflow, maintain- ;ing said :vortex by feeding theburdened car- ,riertangentially ,thereto, discharging the separated substances outward from.the periphery o'tsaid vortex, and separatelyirelcasingf't-lie;unburdened carrier radially from said vortex"andthroughf thetangentially entering -.ca1 rier stream, substantiallyas. deiscribech I i 4. The hereindescribedprocess of unbur-- deningcarrier fluids, that consists in establishing the flow of the carrierand at one point a vortex 5 thereof upon .an axis trans- ,verz e to thedirection oftheflow,:ma ntainling "said vortex by "feeding the burdenedcarrier tangentially thereto, retaining the 1foreign substances in theregionof'the vortex .t01tl18gPOlIil]-0f=OV0Ibl1I'dQ1llIlg the carrierfluid with foreign substances, and, separate- 1y discharging theseparated substances and the unburdcned carrier in the transverse I I Aa separating chamber, :and, releas1ngvand plane including the tangentialfeed.

5. The herein described process of unburrlening carrier fluids, thatconsists in establ -shinvthe flow of the carrier andvat-one b spointavortex thereof upon "an axis trans- "verse toithe direction of thefiow,vmaintaining-said vortex'by feeding the burdenedcarrieritangentially thereto, retaining the foreign'substances in thereg on ofthe vortex to the point of 'overb'urdening the carrier *fluidwith foreign substances, and, separate- 71v] discharging the separatedsubstances and theunburdened carrier radially from said vortex and inthetransverseplane includ ng the tangential feed.

- 6. The herein describedprocess of unburdening carrier fluids, thatconsists in establishingfithe'flow of the carrier and at one point avortex thereof upon an axis transverse to the d rection of the flow,maintaining said vortex by feeding the burdened car- 'rier tangentiallythereto, varying the temperature 'o'f'tlhe carrier in the region of saidvortex, and, separately discharging both the unhnrdened carrier and theseparated sub- :burdening carrier i'fluid's, that f. consists in .esztablishing the flow ofthe carrierzandat one ,pointavortex-thereotuponan axistransverse to the I direction of "the ifiow,maintainfing said vortex "by feeding athe burdened :carr'iertangentially thereto, ivarying the temperature ot the "carrier in thearegion of said vortex, disch argingiorsreleasingthe-unthe entering vcarrier stream, and separately discharging the foreign substances zfrom:and to points beyond :the periphery 'o'frsaid vortex, substantially asdescribed.

-8, The herein described process *of un-- aburdening carrier ifluids,that consis'ts Sin --esiablishingthe .fiow'of ;.the carrier=-and.=at:ione point a vortex. thereof upon @an 1 axis trans- :verse tothe direction of the flow, maintaining said vortex, by feeding itheiburdened carrier tangentially thereto, varying the temperature of .thecarrier in ithe '.region of said vortex, iand,.--separately dischargingboth the unburdened carrier and the "separated substances outward .lfromLthe EPBfiphery of said vortex, substantially .as described. v

9. The herein described process of -unburdening carrier fluids that"consists in forcibly directing a stream-ofburdened carrier into :aseparating chamber, v and, :releaswing and filtering the :unburdenedcarrier "by causing the same to pass outward through the most forcibleportion=of 'the'streamof burdened carrier. p

10. The herein described process of .1111- burdening carrier fluids thatconsists in di recting a stream of burdened carrier Pinto burdeningcarrier 'fluidsthat consists in "pro jecting the burdened carrier intoaclosed chamber, therein. separating the foreign substances, andmaintaining a condition of Hon.

12. The herein described separator for use in unburdenmgcarrier flu1ds,comprissuper-saturation that hastens such separaing in combination acasing that contains a separating chamber and an accumulationspace, saidchamber having a I tangential inletfor theburdenedicarrier and aperipheral outlet for the "unburdened carrier,:'said inlet and outletbeing in the same plane, and said space having an opening for the'discharge of the separatedforeign substances.

13 The herein [described separator :for use in unburdemng carrier :fiu1s, colnprisinlet and outlet being in the same plane and so closetogether as to form in effect a Single opening for the entrance and exitof the carrier, and the said space being adapted for the discharge ofthe separated foreign substances.

14. The herein described separator for use in unburdening carrierfluids, comprising in combination a casing that contains a separatingchamber and an accumulation space, said chamber having a tangentialinlet for the burdened carrier and a peripheral outlet for theunburdened carrier, said inlet and outlet being in the same plane and sorelated that the outgoing carrier in order to reach the outlet mustfirst pass through.

- the incoming burdened carrier stream and the said space having meansfor the discharge ofvthe separated foreign substances.

15. The herein described separator for use in unburdening carrierfluids, comprising in combination a casing that contains an effectivelycylindrical vortex chamber and an accumulation space, said chamberhaving a tan ential inletfor-the burdened carrier and a o a peripheraloutlet for the unburdened carrier, said inlet and outlet being in thesame plane, and, the said space having means for the discharge of theseparated foreign substances.

16. The-herein described separator for use in unburdening carrierfluids, comprising in combination a casing that contains an elfectivelycylindrical vortex chamber and an. accumulation space said chamberhaving a tangential inlet for the burdened carrier and also peripheraloutlet for the unburdened carrier, said inlet and outlet.

being in the same plane, vortex controllin means positioned between saidchamber an s ace, and, said space having means for the scharge of theseparated foreign substances.

17. The herein described separator for use in unburdening carrierfluidsfcompris .ing in combination a casing that contains anefi'ectively cylindrical vortex chamber and an accumulation space, saidchamber having a tangential inlet for the burdened carrier and also aperipheral outlet for the unburdened carrier, said inlet and outletbeing in the same plane, and the latter being narrower than the former,vortex controlling means positioned between said chamber and space, and,said space having means for the discharge ofjtlie separated foreignsubstances.

' 18. The herein described separator for use in unburdening carrierfluids, comprising in combination a casing that contains an effectivelycylindreial vortex chamber and an said space having means for thedischarge of the separated foreign substances. I, 19. The hereindescribed separator for use in unburdening carrier fluids, comprisin incombination a casing that contains an e ectively cylindrical vortex chaber and an accumulation space, said cham er having a tangential inletfor the burdened carrier anda peripheral outlet for the unburdenedcarrier, said inlet and outlet bein in the same plane, longitudinalldispose vortexdefining-and-energy-absor ing' blades positioned betweensaid chamber and space, and, said space having means for the dischargeof the separated foreign substances.

20. The herein described separator for usein unburdening carrier fluids,comprising in combination a casing that contains an offectivelycylindrical vortex chamber and an accumulation space, said chamberhaving a tangential inlet for the burdened carrier and a peripheraloutlet for the unburdened same plane and so disposed that to escapethrough the outlet. the carrier must pass said inlet, and, said spacehaving an o eningfor the discharge of the separated reign substances. r

21. The herein described separator for use in unburdening carrierfluids, comprising in combination a casing that contains an effectivelycylindrical vortex chamber and an accumulation space, said chamberhaving a tangential inlet for the burdened carrier and an immediatelyadjacent and narrower peripheral outlet for the unburdened car-.

rier, said inlet and outlet being in the same plane, and, said spacehavin means for the discharge of the separate stances. r

22. The herein described separator for use in unburdening carrierfluids, comprising in combination; a casing that contains an offectively cylindrical separating chamber and an accumulation space, saidchamber foreign subhaving in the "same transverse plane a tangentialinlet forthe- .hurdened carrier and a peripheral outlet for theunburdened carrier, laminating plates positioned in said chamber in aplane transverse to the axis thereof, and, said space having means forthe discharge of the separated foreign substances. V v I '23. The hereindescribed separator for use in unburdening carrier fluids, comprisin incombination a casing that contains an e ee- 4 tively cylindricalseparating chamber and an accumulation space, said chamber having in thesame transverse plane a tangential inlet for the burdened carrier and aperlpheraloutlet for the unburdened carrier, a

- let being in a plane transverse to the-axis of said chamber, alaminating plate transversely positioned in said chamber, and, saidspace having means for the discharge of the separated foreignsubstances.

25. The herein described separator for use in unburdening carrierfluids, comprising in combination a casing that contains an efl'ectivelycylindrical vortex chamber andan accumulation space, said chamber havingin the same transverse plane a tangential inlet for the burdened carrierand a peripheral outlet for the unburdened carrier and resenting animpact surface opposite said inlet and relative y beyond said outlet andsaid space having means for the discharge of the separated foreignsubstances.

26. The herein described separating and filtering'bend for separatorscomprising in combination inlet and outlet nozzles in the same plane andpresenting at their adjoining ends relatively offset inlet and outletopenings.

27. The herein described separating and filtering bend for separatorscomprising in combination inlet and outlet nozzles in the same plane andpresenting at their adjoining ends relativel ofiset inlet and outletopenings, and a d eflectin impact member relatively beyond said on et.

28. The herein described separating and filtering bend for separatorscomprising in combination inlet and outlet nozzles in the same plane andpresenting at their adjoining ends relatively ofiset inlet and outletopenings, a deflecting impact member relatively beyond said outlet, andsaid outlet opening being narrower than said inlet opening.

29. The herein described separator for use in unburdening carrierfluids, comprising in combination a casing that contains a separatingchamber and an accumulation space, the first having a. tangential inletfor the burdened carrier and a peripheral outlet for the unburdenedcarrier and also containing a re-entraining baflle positioned at theinner side of said inlet, and the second having an opening for thedischarge of the separated foreign substances.

having means for the discharge of the separated foreign substances.

31. The herein described separator for use in unburdening carrierfluids, comprising in combination a casing that contains an effectivelycylindrical vortex chamber and an accumulation space, said chamberhaving a tangential inlet for the burdened carrier and also a peripheraloutlet for the unburdened carrier, and also containing a re-entrainmentbafile positioned at the inner side of said inlet, vortex controllingmeans positioned between said vortex chamber and said accumulationspace, and, said space having means for the discharge of the separatedforeign substances.

32. The herein described se arator for use in unburdening carrierfluids, comprising in combination a casing that contains an effectivelycylindrical separating chamber and an accumulation space, said chamberhaving in the same transverse plane a tangential inlet for the burdenedcarrier, 9. r'e-entrainment baflle, and a peripheral outlet for theunburdened carrier, a plurality of longitudinally spaced laminatingplates positioned in,

said chamber upon planes transverse to the axis of said chamber, andsaid space havin means for the discharge of the separat foreignsubstances.

33. The herein described separator for use in unburdening carrierfluids, comprising in combination a casing that contains an effectivelcylindrical vortex chamber and an accumu ation space, vortex definingmeans 1positioned between the same, said chamber aving a tangentialinlet for the burdened carrier and a peripheral outlet for theunburdened carrier, a re-entrainment baflle positioned in the vortexchamber and at the inner side of said inlet, said inlet and outlet beingin a plane transverse to the axis of said chamber, a laminating platetransversely positioned in said chamber, and, said space having meansfor the discharge of the separated foreign substances.

34. The herein described separator for use in unburdening carrierfluids, comprising in combination a casing that contains an effectivelycylindrical vortex chamber and an yond said outlet and said space havingmeans accumulation space, said chamber having in for the discharge ofthe separated foreign. the same transverse plane a tangential inletsubstances. for the burdened carrier, a re-entrainment In testimonywhereof I have hereunto set 5 bafile, and a peripheral outlet for theunmy hand this 26th day of June, A. D. 1926.

burdened carrier and presenting an impact surface opposite said inletand relatively be. CHARLES GILBERT HA" VLEY.

